India’s cities face rising congestion, pollution and inequity as private vehicle use grows. Despite major investments in metros and e-buses, mobility planning often remains ad hoc and project-driven. This WRI India Expert Note introduces a demand–supply–performance framework to guide data-driven, long-term decision-making. By aligning commuter demand with infrastructure supply and evaluating outcomes through performance indicators, the note drives the shift to sustainable, efficient and equitable mobility planning across Indian cities.